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Peter Todd

19 min read

Peter Todd (b. ~1985) is the Canadian applied cryptographer and Bitcoin Core developer whose specific contributions — Replace-by-Fee (BIP 125), CheckSequenceVerify (BIP 112), the OpenTimestamps protocol, and sustained consensus and policy work — have shaped contemporary Bitcoin's fee market, timestamping infrastructure, and protocol culture. Self-taught, with no formal computer-science training, Todd built his career through sustained technical contribution combined with willingness to be publicly contentious about protocol decisions, and has been one of Bitcoin's most distinctive voices since 2013. He gained unwanted attention in October 2024 when HBO's Money Electric: The Bitcoin Mystery named him as the most likely Satoshi candidate — a claim he has denied and most serious analysts reject. Todd contributes three load-bearing elements: RBF and fee-market mechanics that shape transaction dynamics; OpenTimestamps as the standard for cryptographic timestamping on Bitcoin; and the strict protocol-minimalism position that has shaped Bitcoin Core's conservative development culture against feature creep.

Why Todd matters

Todd’s intellectual fingerprints are on the fee-market, timestamping, and protocol-minimalism dimensions:

  • Replace-by-Fee (RBF, BIP 125) — policy framework for transaction replacement by higher fees; foundational for UTXO model and Bitcoin transactions and fee-market analysis.
  • CheckSequenceVerify (BIP 112) — opcode for relative time-locks; underlies certain Lightning mechanisms and time-locked contract patterns.
  • OpenTimestamps — the protocol for cryptographic timestamping on Bitcoin, underpinning proof-of-existence applications.
  • Protocol-minimalism advocacy — sustained position that Bitcoin should resist most proposed protocol changes; shapes Bitcoin Core’s conservative culture.
  • The Satoshi-candidate question — the October 2024 HBO attribution shapes contemporary discourse on Satoshi’s identity (Satoshi Nakamoto).
  • Bitcoin Core development — sustained contributor since 2013 with cumulative impact.

Todd is the protocol-minimalist contributor. Where Wuille produced major upgrades and Maxwell produced privacy frameworks, Todd contributed specific features (RBF, CSV, OpenTimestamps) while advocating restraint in adding others.

Biographical sketch

Origins and self-taught background

Peter Todd was born around 1985 in Canada. He grew up in a culturally engaged family — his father is the prominent Canadian sculptor Mont Todd — but pursued an unusual educational path.

Todd has stated that he is largely self-taught in computer science and cryptography. He did not complete formal university computer-science training, instead developing his technical skills through autodidactic study and project-based learning. This is unusual among major Bitcoin technical contributors, most of whom have formal computer-science backgrounds.

The self-taught background is significant. Todd’s technical writing and contributions show both deep knowledge and occasional gaps that more formal training might have filled. His specific style — pragmatic, willing to challenge consensus, less burdened by academic conventions — partly reflects the autodidactic path.

Pre-Bitcoin work and early engagement

Before deep Bitcoin involvement, Todd worked in various technology positions in Canada. He developed interests in cryptography, distributed systems, and applied security through project work and self-study.

Todd’s Bitcoin engagement began around 2010-2011 but became substantial around 2013. He started contributing to Bitcoin Core development, engaging on the bitcointalk forum, and developing specific protocol improvements.

Bitcoin Core contributions (2013-present)

Todd became a Bitcoin Core developer around 2013-2014 and has continued contributing since. His specific contributions include:

  • Replace-by-Fee (RBF) — BIP 125, accepted into Bitcoin Core
  • CheckSequenceVerify — BIP 112, activated 2016
  • Various consensus and policy improvements
  • Specific bug fixes and security improvements
  • OpenTimestamps protocol development

The contributions are technically rigorous and have had substantial impact. RBF particularly changed how Bitcoin’s fee market operates.

The protocol-minimalism position

Todd has been Bitcoin’s most consistent voice for protocol minimalism — the position that Bitcoin should resist most proposed protocol changes, even technically interesting ones. The framework:

  • Bitcoin’s value depends on stability — protocol changes introduce risks
  • Every feature has costs beyond its specific benefits
  • The base protocol should be minimal — applications can build on top
  • Most proposed changes are not worth their risks
  • The conservative position is correct by default — burden of proof is on change advocates

This position has shaped Bitcoin Core’s development culture. Many proposed upgrades have been delayed, scaled back, or rejected partly due to minimalist arguments Todd has championed.

The position has costs (specific potentially-valuable improvements deprioritized) and benefits (Bitcoin’s protocol has remained stable in ways most cryptocurrencies have not). The minimalist culture has been one of Bitcoin’s distinctive features.

OpenTimestamps (2016+)

Todd developed and maintains OpenTimestamps — a standard for cryptographic timestamping using Bitcoin. The protocol:

  • Aggregates many timestamping requests into single Bitcoin transactions
  • Provides cryptographic proof that data existed at a specific point in time
  • Uses Bitcoin’s distributed ledger as the timestamp authority
  • Is free for end users at the application layer
  • Has practical applications for legal records, intellectual property, scientific data integrity

OpenTimestamps has been adopted by various organizations and applications. It demonstrates that Bitcoin’s distributed ledger has value for non-monetary trust applications.

OpenTimestamps is the standard for cryptographic timestamping on Bitcoin.

The HBO Satoshi controversy (October 2024)

In October 2024, HBO Documentary’s “Money Electric: The Bitcoin Mystery” identified Peter Todd as the most likely candidate for Satoshi Nakamoto. The documentary, directed by Cullen Hoback, presented:

  • Circumstantial evidence from Todd’s writing style, knowledge, and chronological availability
  • Specific Bitcoin forum exchanges that the documentary read as Satoshi-related
  • Todd’s reaction during filmed interactions

Todd’s response:

  • Public denials that he is Satoshi
  • Specific factual rebuttals of documentary claims
  • Maintained position that the documentary’s analysis is flawed

Most serious analysts have rejected the documentary’s conclusion. The specific evidence is not compelling; Todd’s writing style and timeline don’t match Satoshi’s particularly well; Todd’s age at Bitcoin’s launch (~23-24) was lower than typical Satoshi-candidate profiles.

The controversy has had real costs for Todd:

  • Sustained unwanted attention
  • Need to repeatedly deny the attribution
  • Personal-security concerns from the documentary’s amplification
  • Distraction from his actual Bitcoin work

The HBO claim is part of contemporary Satoshi-candidate discourse but should not be treated as credible. Most serious analysts treat Todd as a much weaker candidate than Hal Finney or Nick Szabo.

See: Satoshi Nakamoto.

Current activity

As of 2026, Todd’s activity includes:

  • Bitcoin Core development — continued contributions
  • OpenTimestamps maintenance — ongoing protocol development
  • Conference speaking — frequent at Bitcoin and cryptography events
  • Writing — essays at petertodd.org and various venues
  • Twitter/X presence (@peterktodd) — active; substantive engagement on Bitcoin and technical topics
  • Consulting and research — various paid technical work

Todd has lived in various locations and maintains substantial personal mobility. He is one of the more publicly engaged Bitcoin Core developers (compared to Wuille’s restraint and Maxwell’s reduced engagement).

Major works

Replace-by-Fee (BIP 125) (2015)

Todd’s most consequential protocol contribution. BIP 125 specifies a policy framework for replacing unconfirmed transactions with versions paying higher fees.

The framework:

  • Sender signals replaceability by setting specific sequence numbers
  • Replacement transactions must pay higher fees than original
  • Bitcoin Core relay policy allows propagation of replacement transactions
  • Miners can include either original or replacement based on policy

The impact has been substantial:

  • Fee market functions effectively — users can boost stuck transactions
  • Block-space allocation is more efficient
  • User experience is more responsive
  • Transaction reliability is more predictable

RBF has also been controversial. Critics argued:

  • Zero-confirmation transactions become less trustworthy
  • Specific merchant scenarios become more difficult
  • The change altered Bitcoin’s economic dynamics in significant ways

The controversy has been substantially resolved over time. RBF is now standard Bitcoin Core policy and the fee-market it enables is part of how Bitcoin operates.

RBF is foundational for understanding Bitcoin transaction dynamics. Citations to fee market, transaction replacement, or unconfirmed-transaction handling should reference BIP 125.

See: UTXO model and Bitcoin transactions.

CheckSequenceVerify (BIP 112) (2016)

Todd’s opcode contribution enabling relative time-locks in Bitcoin Script. The framework:

  • Relative time-locks — transactions can be locked for a duration after their input was confirmed
  • Enables specific contract patterns — particularly for time-based escape clauses
  • Foundational for Lightning Network — channel close protocols use CSV
  • Various other applications — vaults, time-delayed wallets, certain multisig patterns

CSV activated in July 2016 alongside CheckLockTimeVerify (which uses absolute rather than relative time). Together these timelock opcodes enable a wide range of smart-contract-like patterns within Bitcoin Script’s intentional limitations.

CSV is foundational for Lightning Network mechanics and various advanced custody patterns.

See: The Lightning Network.

OpenTimestamps protocol (2016+)

Todd’s protocol for cryptographic timestamping using Bitcoin. The system:

  • Free at the application layer — users don’t pay per timestamp
  • Aggregates many timestamping requests into shared Bitcoin transactions
  • Provides cryptographic proof of data existence at specific time
  • Open standard — multiple implementations possible
  • Practical applications — legal documents, intellectual property, scientific data, news archives

OpenTimestamps has been adopted by various organizations:

  • Legal services for document authentication
  • Journalism organizations for source integrity
  • Scientific repositories for data integrity proof
  • Various blockchain-data integrity applications

OpenTimestamps demonstrates Bitcoin’s value for non-monetary trust applications. Citations to Bitcoin-based timestamping should reference Todd’s protocol.

Bitcoin Core contributions

Beyond the major specific contributions, Todd has authored or co-authored various Bitcoin Core improvements:

  • Mempool policy refinements
  • Various security and bug fixes
  • Specific consensus rule clarifications
  • Testing and verification improvements
  • Documentation contributions

The cumulative effect is substantial. Bitcoin Core’s evolution has been shaped by Todd’s contributions alongside those of other major developers.

Various essays and forum contributions

Todd has produced substantial essay and forum writing. Topics include:

  • Specific protocol questions — technical analyses of proposed changes
  • Bitcoin governance — frameworks for thinking about protocol evolution
  • Privacy and security topics
  • Critiques of specific proposals he opposes
  • Defense of protocol-minimalism positions

Selected venues:

  • petertodd.org — personal blog
  • bitcoin-dev mailing list — extensive technical contributions
  • bitcointalk.org — earlier forum engagement
  • Various Bitcoin Magazine and other venues

Conference talks

Todd speaks at major Bitcoin and cryptography conferences regularly:

  • Scaling Bitcoin conferences — rigorous technical events
  • Various Bitcoin developer events
  • Cryptography academic venues — applied cryptography conferences
  • Bitcoin Magazine and similar venues

Recorded talks are typically available through conference channels.

Todd’s distinctive contributions

Replace-by-Fee and contemporary fee market

Todd’s RBF contribution shaped contemporary Bitcoin transaction dynamics fundamentally. The framework enables:

  • Dynamic fee adjustment — users can boost stuck transactions
  • Efficient block-space allocation — miners include highest-fee transactions
  • Better user experience — transactions complete more predictably
  • Honest fee signaling — willingness to pay reflects actual urgency

The framework is part of why Bitcoin’s fee market functions effectively. Without RBF, fee dynamics would be less responsive and less efficient.

Contemporary Bitcoin fee analysis depends on understanding RBF. Citations to fee market behavior should reference Todd’s specific framework.

The OpenTimestamps standard

OpenTimestamps demonstrates that Bitcoin’s distributed ledger has value for non-monetary trust applications. The protocol:

  • Establishes Bitcoin as timestamp authority for cryptographic proof of existence
  • Provides practical infrastructure for various applications
  • Maintains free public-good character despite using Bitcoin’s paid blockchain
  • Has actually been deployed in real applications

OpenTimestamps is the standard for thinking about Bitcoin’s non-monetary applications. Citations to cryptographic timestamping or proof-of-existence on Bitcoin should reference Todd’s protocol.

The protocol-minimalism advocacy

Todd has been Bitcoin’s most consistent voice for protocol minimalism. The position:

  • Bitcoin’s value depends on stability rather than feature expansion
  • Most proposed changes are not worth their risks
  • The base protocol should be minimal — applications build on top
  • Conservative is the default position — burden of proof on change advocates

This position has shaped Bitcoin Core’s development culture substantially. Many potentially-valuable proposed upgrades have been deprioritized or rejected partly due to minimalist arguments.

The position has costs (specific features deferred or rejected) and benefits (Bitcoin’s protocol stability). The protocol-minimalism advocacy is part of why Bitcoin has been able to maintain its distinctive monetary role rather than evolving into a general-purpose smart-contract platform.

The contentious public engagement

Todd has been notably willing to be publicly contentious about protocol decisions. The pattern:

  • Engaging specific proposals directly rather than avoiding controversy
  • Stating positions sharply rather than hedging
  • Willing to be unpopular when he believes positions are correct
  • Taking on community factions including occasionally Bitcoin Core consensus

This style has costs (personal-relations strain; sustained controversy) and benefits (keeps technical discussions rigorous; identifies weak arguments; resists silent consensus formation).

The contentious style is part of Bitcoin’s specific development culture. Specific decisions have been better-considered because Todd was willing to engage them critically.

The applied-cryptographer voice

Todd’s specific position as self-taught applied cryptographer is distinctive. He combines:

  • Practical software engineering experience
  • Deep cryptographic knowledge acquired autodidactically
  • Willingness to engage formal cryptography literature
  • Focus on applied implementations rather than purely theoretical work

This combination is valuable. Most Bitcoin contributors either have formal cryptography training (academic) or practical engineering (industry) — Todd has both through unusual paths.

The Satoshi-candidate burden

Todd’s October 2024 HBO documentary identification has been a substantial unwanted burden. The framework for analyzing the claim:

  • Specific evidence is weak — circumstantial rather than dispositive
  • Todd’s age and timeline don’t match Satoshi-candidate profiles particularly well
  • His writing style differs from Satoshi’s in identifiable ways
  • His career trajectory doesn’t match what we’d expect if he were Satoshi

Most serious analysts treat Todd as a weak candidate. The HBO documentary’s confident claim has been widely criticized as unsupported by sufficient evidence.

The Satoshi attribution should be noted but not treated as credible. Hal Finney and Nick Szabo remain the strongest single-person candidates; Todd is a notable contemporary contributor but not particularly likely Satoshi.

See: Satoshi Nakamoto, Hal Finney, Nick Szabo.

Todd’s intellectual style

Several features make Todd’s contributions distinctive:

Pragmatic and applied

Todd’s work is consistently pragmatic and applied. Where some Bitcoin contributors operate at high theoretical levels, Todd focuses on what specific protocol changes actually do. The pattern:

  • Concrete proposals rather than theoretical frameworks
  • Implementation focus rather than design generalities
  • Trade-off analysis for specific changes
  • Operational thinking about actual usage patterns

Willing to be contentious

Todd is willing to engage controversies others might avoid. He:

  • States positions sharply
  • Engages specific proposals critically
  • Takes unpopular stances when he believes positions are correct
  • Maintains willingness to be wrong publicly

This style has costs and benefits. The costs include personal-relations strain and sustained controversy; the benefits include keeping technical discussions rigorous.

Cypherpunk-ethical commitments

Todd’s frameworks reflect strong cypherpunk commitments:

  • Individual sovereignty as foundational value
  • Privacy as essential
  • Resistance to surveillance and authority
  • Distrust of trusted third parties
  • Bitcoin’s role as alternative to fiat system

These commitments shape his specific positions in ways that distinguish him from more pragmatic Bitcoin contributors.

Protocol-conservatism

Todd’s specific position on protocol changes is conservative. He defaults to:

  • Resisting most proposed changes
  • Demanding strong justification for any modification
  • Preferring layer-2 solutions over base-layer changes
  • Prioritizing protocol stability over feature expansion

This conservatism has shaped Bitcoin Core’s development culture substantially.

Self-taught dimension

Todd’s self-taught background produces some specific stylistic features:

  • Less academic conventions in writing
  • More direct engagement with practical questions
  • Occasional gaps in formal theoretical engagement
  • Specific strengths in applied-cryptography understanding

This is biographical context. His specific contributions stand on their technical merits regardless of educational path.

Todd and the Bitcoin technical tradition

What Todd inherits

  • Cypherpunk ethical commitments — privacy, sovereignty, resistance to authority
  • Applied cryptography tradition — particularly self-taught practitioner culture
  • Bitcoin Core development culture — conservative engineering, rigorous review
  • Free-software community traditions — open contribution, public engagement

What Todd adds

  • Replace-by-Fee (BIP 125) as fee-market foundation
  • CheckSequenceVerify (BIP 112) as timelock infrastructure
  • OpenTimestamps protocol as standard for cryptographic timestamping
  • Protocol-minimalism advocacy as cultural-positional contribution
  • The contentious public engagement as style model (with mixed results)

What Todd doesn’t focus on

  • Major protocol upgrades like SegWit, Taproot — Wuille handles
  • Theoretical monetary economics — Ammous, Mises tradition handles
  • Empirical macroeconomic analysis — Alden handles
  • Public-facing technical education — Antonopoulos handles
  • Operational self-custody — Lopp handles
  • Trajectory and adoption — Boyapati handles

Todd’s contribution is specific protocol improvements and protocol-minimalism advocacy. Other contributors cover other dimensions; Todd covers these.

Where Todd fits in the broader Bitcoin discourse

The protocol-minimalist contributor and applied-cryptographer position. Within the technical tradition:

  • Foundational: Satoshi, Hashcash/Finney/Szabo lineage
  • Major contributors: Wuille (protocol upgrades), Maxwell (privacy/sidechains), Back (Hashcash/Blockstream), Todd (RBF/CSV/OpenTimestamps + minimalism)
  • Various other contributors covering specific areas

Todd is among the most distinctive contemporary Bitcoin developers — both for technical contributions and for specific cultural-positional role.

For a reader engaging Todd:

  1. BIP 125 (RBF) specification — foundational fee-market framework
  2. OpenTimestamps protocol documentation — for the timestamping framework
  3. Selected petertodd.org essays — for protocol-minimalism arguments
  4. Conference talks — for accessible explanation
  5. Twitter @peterktodd — for ongoing engagement

Pair Todd with Pieter Wuille (protocol upgrades), Greg Maxwell (privacy/sidechains; peer minimalist), and Adam Back (cypherpunk-pioneer-developer) for the full technical context.

See: Pieter Wuille, Greg Maxwell, Adam Back.

Counter-arguments and tensions

A serious thinker page engages the genuine debates.

The contentious style’s costs

Todd’s contentious engagement has had specific costs:

  • Sustained personal-relations strain with various community members
  • Has produced some unproductive controversies
  • Specific positions have alienated potential supporters
  • The HBO documentary controversy was partly enabled by his public profile

Defenders argue:

  • Contentiousness keeps discussions rigorous
  • Many of his specific positions have been substantively correct
  • Bitcoin needs voices willing to engage controversy
  • The costs are personal but bearable

The contentious style is worth noting. Todd’s specific contributions can be engaged regardless of the engagement style.

The RBF controversy

Replace-by-Fee was substantially controversial when introduced. Critics argued:

  • Zero-confirmation transactions become less trustworthy
  • Specific merchant use cases became more difficult
  • The change altered Bitcoin’s user experience in negative ways

Defenders (including Todd):

  • Zero-confirmation was never genuinely secure
  • The fee-market improvements outweigh costs
  • Specific merchant scenarios have alternative solutions
  • The change has worked productively in practice

The dispute is largely settled in RBF’s favor. The framework has functioned well and become standard.

The protocol-minimalism position

Todd’s strict protocol-minimalism has been contested:

Critics argue:

  • Specific potentially-valuable improvements have been deprioritized
  • The position can be too conservative
  • Bitcoin’s evolution has slowed in ways that may be problematic
  • Some minimalist arguments are pretextual

Defenders argue:

  • Conservative is the right default for monetary base layer
  • Most proposed changes haven’t been worth their risks
  • Bitcoin’s stability has been a feature
  • Specific minimalist arguments are substantively correct

The dispute is ongoing. Both positions are intellectually serious; the right balance is genuinely contested.

Present minimalism as one position alongside its alternatives. Don’t treat either position as obviously correct.

The Satoshi attribution question

The HBO documentary’s identification of Todd as Satoshi has been a substantial issue. The analytical framework:

For the attribution:

  • Documentary presented circumstantial evidence
  • Some Bitcoin forum exchanges have been interpreted as suggestive
  • Todd was technically capable and chronologically available

Against the attribution:

  • Todd’s age in 2008 (~23) was younger than typical Satoshi-candidate profiles
  • His writing style differs from Satoshi’s identifiably
  • His specific career trajectory doesn’t match what we’d expect
  • He has consistently denied the attribution
  • The specific evidence presented is weak

Most serious analysts have rejected the documentary’s conclusion. The attribution should be noted but not treated as credible.

The self-taught background

Some critics have argued that Todd’s self-taught background produces specific limitations:

  • Less engagement with formal cryptography literature
  • Some gaps in theoretical understanding
  • Specific positions reflect autodidactic rather than academic frameworks

Defenders argue:

  • His technical contributions stand on their merits
  • Many of his specific protocol improvements demonstrate deep understanding
  • Self-taught backgrounds have produced major Bitcoin contributors generally
  • Academic training has its own limitations

The self-taught background is biographical context. His specific contributions stand or fall on their technical merits.

Specific technical disagreements

Todd has had various specific technical disagreements with other Bitcoin developers:

  • Some proposed protocol changes he has opposed have been accepted
  • Some positions have been more controversial than substantively correct
  • Specific technical analyses have been challenged
  • Some predictions have not held up

These are normal for sustained technical engagement. Todd’s general technical track record has been strong but not without specific errors.

Engage specific Todd positions on their merits rather than as authoritative pronouncements.

Where to read Todd

Essential primary readings

  • BIP 125 (Replace-by-Fee) specification — foundational fee-market framework
  • BIP 112 (CheckSequenceVerify) specification — relative timelock framework
  • OpenTimestamps protocol documentation — at opentimestamps.org
  • Selected essays at petertodd.org — for specific protocol-minimalism arguments

Bitcoin Core contributions

  • Bitcoin Core repository at github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin — Todd’s contributions in the historical record
  • Various BIPs Todd has authored or contributed to

Conference talks

Todd speaks at major Bitcoin and cryptography conferences regularly. Recorded talks available through:

  • Scaling Bitcoin conferences
  • Bitcoin Magazine events
  • Various Bitcoin developer events
  • Academic cryptography venues

Bitcoin-dev mailing list

  • bitcoin-dev mailing list archive — Todd is active contributor
  • bitcointalk.org earlier contributions

Twitter and social

  • @peterktodd on X/Twitter — active; substantive engagement on Bitcoin and technical topics

Secondary works

Limited specifically on Todd as a thinker. Useful secondary engagement:

  • Various Bitcoin technical books discuss his contributions
  • Block Size Wars accounts treat his role
  • Bitcoin Core developer interviews include his perspective
  • HBO “Money Electric” documentary (October 2024) — controversial primary source on the Satoshi attribution question

Where Todd fits in the broader Bitcoin discourse

The protocol-minimalist contributor and applied-cryptographer position. Specifically valuable for:

  • Replace-by-Fee framework for understanding fee market
  • CheckSequenceVerify for timelock infrastructure
  • OpenTimestamps as standard for cryptographic timestamping
  • Protocol-minimalism position as cultural-positional contribution
  • Specific Bitcoin Core contributions as technical foundation

Recommended Todd engagement:

  1. BIP 125 specification — foundational; fee market
  2. OpenTimestamps documentation — for the timestamping framework
  3. Selected petertodd.org essays — for protocol-minimalism arguments
  4. Conference talks — for accessible engagement
  5. Twitter — for ongoing commentary

Pair Todd with Pieter Wuille (protocol upgrades), Greg Maxwell (privacy/sidechains), Adam Back (cypherpunk-pioneer-developer), and Jameson Lopp (operational security) for the full technical context.

Open questions

Questions worth tracking:

  • Todd’s protocol-minimalism position has shaped Bitcoin Core’s culture. Will the position remain dominant, or will pressure for more permissive protocol evolution prevail?
  • The HBO Satoshi attribution has been a substantial burden. Will the attribution fade from public discourse, or will it shape Todd’s public profile permanently?
  • OpenTimestamps has been adopted but slowly. Will adoption expand significantly, or will it remain a niche application?
  • Todd’s specific RBF framework has worked productively. Are there next-generation fee-market mechanisms that would extend the framework?
  • The protocol-minimalism position has costs. What specific Bitcoin improvements have been deferred or rejected partly due to minimalist arguments, and which would have been worth their risks?
  • Todd’s contentious style produces both benefits and costs. Will future Bitcoin contributors adopt similar approaches, or will quieter styles become more common?

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